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:''Limpieza de sangre is also a novel in the Captain Alatriste series by Arturo Pérez-Reverte.'' ''Limpieza de sangre'' (), ''Limpeza de sangue'' (, ) or ''Neteja de sang'' (), meaning "cleanliness of blood", played an important role in modern Iberian history. It referred to those who were considered pure "Old Christians", without Muslim or Jewish ancestors, or within the context of the empire (New Spain and Portuguese India) usually to those without Amerindian, Asian, or African ancestry (with a few exceptions, like this ordenes document for an indigenous person named Francisco Luis de la Asumpsion Garcia).〔https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1-18379-40861-17?cc=1874591&wc=MCCL-X29:171935001,171974101,180057801〕 == After the Reconquista == After the end of the Reconquista and the expulsion or conversion of Muslim Mudéjars (the overwhelming majority of whom descended from native Iberians who converted to Islam under Muslim rule) and Sephardic Jews, the population of Portugal and Spain was all nominally European Christian. However, the ruling class and much of the populace distrusted the recently converted "New Christians", referring to them as conversos or marranos if they were baptized Jews or descended from them, or Moriscos if they were baptized Muslims or descended from them. A commonly leveled accusation was that the New Christians were false converts, secretly practicing their former religion as Crypto-Jews or Crypto-Muslims. Nevertheless, the concept of cleanliness of blood came to be more focused on ancestry than of personal religion. The first statute of purity of blood appeared in Toledo, 1449,〔(Estatutos de Limpieza de Sangre ), Pablo A. Chami.〕 where an anti-Converso riot succeeded in obtaining a ban on Conversos and their posterity from most official positions. Initially, these statutes were condemned by the monarchy and the Church; however, in 1496, Pope Alexander VI approved a purity statute for the Hieronymite Order.〔 This stratification meant that the Old Christian commoners could assert a right to honor even if they were not in the nobility. The religious and military orders, guilds and other organizations incorporated in their bylaws clauses demanding proof of cleanliness of blood. Upwardly mobile New Christian families had to either contend with their plight, or bribe and falsify documents attesting generations of good Christian ancestry. The Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions were more concerned with repressing the New Christians and heresy than chasing witches, which was considered to be more a psychological than a religious issue, or Protestants, who were promptly suffocated. The claim to universal ''hidalguía'' (lowest nobility) of the Basques was justified by intellectuals like Manuel de Larramendi (1690–1766)〔Manuel de Larramendi, ''Corografía de la muy noble y muy leal provincia de Guipúzcoa'', Bilbao, 1986, facsimile edition of that from Editorial Ekin, Buenos Aires, 1950. (Also published by Tellechea Idígoras, San Sebastián, 1969.) Quoted in ''(La idea de España entre los vascos de la Edad Moderna )'', by Jon Arrieta Alberdi, ''Anales 1997-1998'', Real Sociedad Económica Valenciana de Amigos del País.〕 because the Moorish conquest of Iberia had not reached the Basque territories, so it was believed that Basques had maintained their original purity, while the rest of Spain was suspect of miscegenation. In fact, the Moorish invasion also reached the Basque country and there had been a significant Jewish minority in Navarre, but the hidalguía helped many Basques to official positions in the administration.〔(Limpieza de sangre ) in the Spanish-language Auñamendi Encyclopedia〕 Tests of ''limpieza de sangre'' had begun to lose their utility by the 19th century; rarely did persons have to endure the grueling inquisitions into distant parentage through birth records. However, laws requiring ''limpieza de sangre'' were still sometimes adopted even into the 19th century. For example, an edict of 8 March 1804 by King Ferdinand VII resolved that no knight of the Military Orders could wed without having a council vouch for the ''limpieza de sangre'' of his spouse.〔Codigos Españoles Tome X. Page 225〕 Official suppression of such entry requirements for the Army was enacted into law in 16 May 1865,〔''Colección Legislativa de España'' (1870), p. 364〕 and extended to naval appointments on 31 August of the same year. In 5 November 1865, a decree allowed children born out of wedlock, for whom ancestry could not be verified, to be able to enter into religious higher education (canons).〔''Colección Legislativa de España'' (1870), page 365〕 In 26 October 1866, the test of blood purity was outlawed for the purposes of determining who could be admitted to college education. In 20 March 1870, a decree suppressed all use of blood purity standards in determining eligibility for any government position or any licensed profession.〔''Colección Legislativa de España'' (1870), page 366〕 The discrimination was still present into the 20th century in some places like Majorca. No xueta (descendants of the Majorcan conversos) priests were allowed to say Mass in a cathedral until the 1960s.〔''Los judíos en España'', Joseph Pérez. Marcial Pons. Madrid (2005).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「limpieza de sangre」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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